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A 100-page report released on Monday by the U.S. State Department argues that Cuba has sought to bring down the United States through decades of subversive operations, many of them tied to U.S. domestic left-wing causes.

The report frames Cuba as more dangerous than U.S. officials have typically done in the past. According to the report, Cuban “agents and operatives” operate within “hundreds” of organizations and “collectively represent one of the single largest, most sophisticated and dangerous vectors for hostile foreign influence in modern American history.”

A 100-page report released on Monday by the U.S. State Department argues that Cuba has sought to bring down the United States through decades of subversive operations, many of them tied to U.S. domestic left-wing causes.

The report frames Cuba as more dangerous than U.S. officials have typically done in the past. According to the report, Cuban “agents and operatives” operate within “hundreds” of organizations and “collectively represent one of the single largest, most sophisticated and dangerous vectors for hostile foreign influence in modern American history.”

Until very recently, Trump administration officials have not usually mentioned Cuba as a significant threat to the United States, frequently focusing instead on Russia, China, or Iran.

The report notably dives into domestic politics by including the prominent U.S. political group Democratic Socialists of America among “front groups and fellow travelers” aligned with Cuba, pointing in part to trips by members of the group to Cuba. Democratic Socialists of America has supported high-profile political figures such as U.S. Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and New York City Mayor Zohran Mamdani. The group did not immediately return a request for comment.

Sections of the report are devoted to historical examples of Cuba’s ties to U.S. left-wing groups, including the Black Panthers and Weather Underground, organizations that were at their most active in the 1960s and 1970s. Other sections of the report deal with Cuba’s support for the left-wing groups in South America during the 1980s.

The report draws a line from these events to Cuba’s alleged influence over modern-day political life in the United States. “Many of the most significant upheavals in recent American political history – from the George Floyd riots to the rise of Antifa to the explosion of pro-terrorist activism on American college campuses – can be linked, in some way, shape, or form, to Cuban influence,” the report concludes.

The report does not cast Cuba’s actions as a reaction to the United States’ own operations, which have sought to overturn Cuba’s government through military action, assassination, sanctions, and political pressure, including via the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion. Instead, the report frames Cuba’s actions as part of a “revolution against Western civilization itself.”

But some experts argue that the report’s connections between Cuba’s once-ambitious Cold War operations and its present, sanctions-weakened condition is an overstatement.

“[Cuban] intelligence is patient and capable, and none of that is in dispute,” wrote Orlando Pérez, a professor of political science at the University of North Texas at Dallas who focuses on South America. However, “[R]ecasting a blacked-out, collapsing state as a hemispheric mastermind converts weakness into menace.”

Since January, the United States has turned up the pressure on Cuba through increased sanctions and a blockade on energy, which has led to severe energy shortages on the island. U.S. President Donald Trump has repeatedly suggested that the United States will turn to Cuba after it concludes the ongoing war with Iran.

U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio, whose parents came to the United States from Cuba, has long sought to put pressure on Cuba’s communist government. On Monday, he introduced the report by posting on X that the “Cuban regime has been the leading sponsor of radical leftism.”

Cuba has for decades resisted U.S. attempts to bring down its communist regime, however, making it unclear how the Trump administration might seek to further influence its government, short of military action.